ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ

E is related to Empiricism.

The word “empirical” refers to knowledge or
understanding that is based on experience in
the world. As in “empirical sciences” which
means science based on experience.

In inductivism, the starting point is observations of singular facts, events, or happenings, then expressing
them as singular observation statements. An important condition is that the observations must be theoryfree in order to prevent contamination of pure facts with a previously accepted theory. This is important,
because theory is built in bottom-up fashion, from singular cases of observations. Option A is related to inductivism.

Testing should try to falsify all possible hypotheses rather than
trying to confirm them, and eventually try to
falsify the theory itself. This view was offered by
Karl Popper in the 20th century, and is known as
falsificationism (Popper, 1965).

According to Kuhn, paradigm comes prior to
any set of activities or procedures and provides the
practitioners with the current state of knowledge
and practices of a field. A paradigm is defined as a
worldview, or an intellectual or theoretical framework
that provides guidance for the engagement of the
community of scientists with their phenomena of
interest.

An anomaly is defined by Kuhn
as a deviation of the “paradigm-induced
expectations that govern normal science”
(Kuhn, 1962, pp. 52-53).

Option A is Theory, B is paradigm shift, D is Falsification,  E is Hypothesis

Hypothesis: Predictions or educated guesses about a certain phenomenon that are derived from a theory.

Option is one of the basic concepts of positivism.

Positivists treated the social reality as measurable, quantifiable, testable making generalizations, thus not taking into account that meaning as the central block of social life cannot be measured or quantified; it can only be interpreted.

The term “epistemology” comes from the ancient Greek roots, from “episteme” meaning “knowledge” and from “logos” meaning “the study of.” Thus, epistemology can be defined as the philosophy of knowledge, or the study of knowledge. Epistemology, thus, is also referred to as the theory of knowledge.

Ontology is a concept that means the study of being/existence and the nature of reality. Ontology asks questions such as “What is the essential substance of (or the underlying foundation of) existence?”, “What is the nature of reality?” and “Is it possible for us to perceive reality as is?”

The other type is the experience of the reflections, which is the internal experience. The internal experience (reflection) happens as we reflect on the data (or the ideas) we gained from our sense experiences. For example, we can come up with an idea of a “unicorn” even though we have not experienced one (which does not exist), through combining our idea of a horse with our idea of a rhinoceros (an animal with a single horn).

A priori proposition/knowledge is a concept that refers to propositions or knowledge gained through rational means like thinking and reasoning. In other words, they don’t come from sense experience, or they are prior to the experience.

Empiricism is most often associated with John Locke (1632-1704)

Dualism is an intermediate position, defended by Descartes, according to which both material and immaterial worlds exist.

Idealism argues that there is no material, or no physical external world that is the basis of our reality. Thus, our reality does not correspond to a reality existing independent of our minds.

In inductivism, the starting point is observations of singular facts, events, or happenings, then expressing them as singular observation statements. An important condition is that the observations must be theory free in order to prevent contamination of pure facts with a previously accepted theory.

Anomaly: An anomaly is defined by Kuhn as a deviation of the “paradigm-induced expectations that govern normal science”

Interpretive, constructivist position has some connections with idealism, however, it differs in many respects. Constructivism has no claims to existence of an immaterial world. They are similar in the sense that both acknowledge the role of human mind in human perception, human reality, and human knowledge.

Ontology is a concept that means the study of being/existence and the nature of reality. Ontology asks questions such as “What is the essential substance of (or the underlying foundation of) existence?”, “What is the nature of reality?” and “Is it possible for us to perceive reality as is?” The correct answer is B.