ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ - Deneme Sınavı - 8

Common verbs indicate that the source agrees with another source or with the position you are advancing are: Accepts, Agrees, Assents Concurs, Parallels, Supports.

APA style requires the use of the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research (Example: “Smith (1992) found…” or “Smith (1992) has found.

Research instruments/measures are the tools and approaches used to collect data to answer the research question / hypothesis.

Validity tells us whether an items measures or describes what is supposed to measure or describe. If an item is unreliable, then it must also lack validity, but a reliable item is not necessarily also valid. It could produce the same or similar response on all occasions, but not be measuring what it is supposed to measure. The concept of validity is used to judge whether the research accurately describes the phenomenon that is intended to describe.

Different types of reliability may be important for a measure. Authors needs to provide information for Inter-rater reliability for observational measures.

Cross-national surveys provide opportunities to collect data that is administered in various countries so that the researchers can collect data regarding how knowledge, attitudes, and behavior many vary according to difference in democracy, culture, economic conditions through comparisons

Experimental research is considered to be the best method to test hypothesis related to cause-and-effect relationships (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2010).

Causal comparative research which is also called as ex post facto (after the fact for Latin) attempts to determine the cause or consequences of differences that already exist between identified set of subjects (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2010).

The independent variable is expected to affect or cause the change on the dependent
variable. In this research question, the effect of school type on mathematics achievement is investigated.

Review the table in p. 133 'Data Collection Procedures'

Fraenkel and Wallen (2010) state that samples should be large enough to obtain
reasonable expenditure of energy and time and suggests that the minimum numbers of subjects (participants) is “100 for a descriptive study, 50 for a correlational study, and 30 for causal-comparative and experimental studies”

‘Purposive sampling’ method is employed when the researcher intentionally is interested in a population with certain knowledge, experience, or history.

‘Random sampling’ is a strategy that enables every member in the population to become selected and be a part of the study. Random sampling is essential as it avoids the likelihood to select a biased sample. ‘Random sampling’ is the most reliable
strategy to identify your sample because it enables every member in the population to
become selected at an equal chance and be a part of the study. Consequently, the findings of the study that are based on random sampling can be generalized to its population.

Systematic sampling is the selection of a sample systematically from the population- it belongs to the non-random sampling strategy.

Review p.139 'Convenience Sampling' section.

Deontology : An ethical perspective that judges researchers’ actions according to some absolute/universal duties requiring certain types of action.

Consequentialism :An ethical perspective that evaluates researchers’ actions according to their consequences.

Utilitarianism : An ethical perspective that judges actions of researchers according to which they produce most happiness and/or utility for the participants.

Autonomy :The capacity of a participant to make a reasoned decision for himself/herself, for example, whether to take part in a research voluntarily.

Consent : A voluntarily and competently given permission to be researched.

The correct answer is B.

A widely accepted definition of “research misconduct”, as it appears in the USA Federal Policy on Research Misconduct (https://www.aps. org/policy/statements/upload/federalpolicy.pdf) is as follows:

• Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.

• Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them.

• Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.

• Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.

• Research misconduct does not include honest error or honest difference of opinion.

Doğru cevap C'dir.

Initially, the ethical codes and guidelines were aimed at only biomedical research, but in many countries they were extended to all research involving humans, including both quantitate and qualitative research of all kinds (such as surveys, interviews, and/or observations of human behavior). The correct answer is B.

Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.

The correct answer is D.

The Milgram obedience experiments were conducted to investigate people’s obedience to authority; in other words, the aim was to see how far a person would be willing to harm another person. However, the research participants were deceived about the nature of the research and led to believe that they were administering electric shocks to other participants. Therefore, the Milgram experiments have served two different purposes in writings about research ethics: (1) as a touchstone for discussions of the ethics of deceptive psychological research and (2) as a bad example of harm to research participants. The correct answer is B.