ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ - Deneme Sınavı - 4

The Zimbardo Prison Experiment in 1971 was originally designed for a two-week time period, but ran only for six days. The reason for the early termination of the experiment was because the guards had begun to systematically abuse the prisoners through ridicule, verbal abuse, and other forms of severe treatment. The study was criticized for not informing participants about the risk of psychological stress, physical discomfort, and/or humiliation to which they were ultimately exposed.

Correlational research contradicts with experimental research in the sense that no variable is manipulated in this method. Thus, it is important to say that correlation should not be confused with causal relation, it only provides an existing or nonexisting relationship between variables. Thus, correlation does not necessarily refer to the existence of a causal relationship between the variables. The correct answer is D.

In the case the regression line is approaching -1,00 or + 1,00 indicating there is a negative correlation for the former and a positive correlation for the latter. In other words, if it is close to 1 there is a positive correlation between the variables. The correct answer is A.

There are many things that a survey researcher should do before starting to conduct interviews. Among them are deciding what research design to use, reading the secondary literature, decide on sampling strategy and formulating a research question. The correct answer is E.

There are many types of surveys that political scientists use. Qualitative surveys are not one of these categories. The correct answer is B.

Political sciences, or international relations fields value policy decisions and the changing trends of individuals based on policy making decisions or applications, therefore through a panel study, the researcher can collect data from similar samples at different times. The correct answer is C.

Therefore, Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014) underscore that the researcher needs to avoid four types of errors as cornerstones of good quality surveys. • Coverage error, which refers to drawing samples form a list of irrelevant samples to represent the population • Sampling error, which exists any time when the researcher reaches some of the sample and not all members. For instance, instance, to understand the attitudes of political participation of university students the researcher only randomly selects students from one province as the available population rather than the whole country to generalize the findings to the target population; • Nonresponse error, which occurs when some particular units of analysis tend to answer some particular items which are likely to influence the estimate of the findings; • Measurement error is described as the difference between the estimate produced and the true value in case the respondents may answer inaccurately to the survey questions. The correct answer is E.

Face-to-face interviews have advantages and disadvantages just like any other methods of data collection. One of its advantages is the high response rate probability because in face-to-face interactions it is very likely that the researcher gets responses. The correct answer is B.

A good research question should be as clear as possible. An ambiguous or vague question is hard to answer and does not contribute much to the scholarship. The correct answer is D.

Utilitarianism is an ethical perspective that judges actions of researchers according to which they produce most happiness and/or utility for the participants. The correct answer is C.

A,B,C and D are the four principles of principle-based ethics. However, scientific validity stands to look at whether the proposed research is methodologically rigorous and it is one of the seven requirements Emanuel, Wendler and Christine (2000, pp. 2703- 2707) proposed as a coherent framework for making research ethical. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

In the course of research, participants' autonomy should be respected, their privacy should be protected and harm resulting from research should be minimized. It is not ok to utilize them as much as possible. The correct answer is D.

The phenomenon of “research ethics” was mostly resulted from the revelations regarding the appalling medical experiments conducted by some Nazi doctors in German concentration camps during the World War II. For example, they “killed Gypsy twin teenagers in order to determine why some of them had differently colored eyes. Prisoners of war were forced to drink seawater in order to find out how long a man might survive without fresh water”. The correct answer is A.

Virtue ethics refers to a researcher’s possession of certain traits/virtues as part of his/her character/personality such as being kind, generous, courageous, just, and prudent, etc. That is, it is an ethical perspective that treats the character of researchers as the primary focus of ethical evaluation. The correct answer is E.

Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. The correct answer is C.

Reciprocity stands for the idea that the research should be of mutual benefit to researcher and participants or that some form of collaboration or active participation should be involved.

Research experiments conducted in the 20th century raised important ethical questions about informed consent, deception, manipulation, invasion of privacy, or some forms of harm to participants. Respect to privacy is a positive quality of a research experiment. The correct answer is D.

Value stands for being analyzed whether the proposed research has the potential to improve knowledge and/or understanding. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Many countries around the world (but mostly western countries- such as the USA, the UK, Canada, and Australia) have established some forms of Research Ethics Committees (RECs) and/or Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to review research proposals in terms of their ethical acceptability for protecting the rights of research participants. The correct answer is B.

A is one of the etchics that consequentialist/utilitarian perspective represents and it does not belong to the principles of Framework for Research Ethics. Therefore, the correct answer is A.