ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ - Deneme Sınavı - 13

The transition words or expressions to give examples include ‘For example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate.’ The correct answer is E.

According to Yin (1994, p.144)) reliability demonstrates “that the operations of a study-such as the data collection procedures-can be repeated, with the same results.” Will the same measure yield the same results on different occasions (assuming no real change in what is to be measured)? Will similar observations be made by different researchers on different occasions? These questions address reliability. The correct answer is B.

Ethnography is an in-depth description of a people group done through “immersed” participant observation and recorded in the vernacular of the host society. An ethnographic study may look at the Cree people of Western Canada. The correct answer is A.

The figure χ2 is used to refer to Chi-square tests. When reporting statistical test results, t is used for T Tests, F for ANOVAs, r for correlations and SD for standart deviation. The correct answer is C.

In the example, random sampling and convenience-sampling methods are two different and contradictory sampling methods. Therefore, the logical relationship between the two statements involves contrast. The transition word ‘however’ expresses contrast. The correct answer is D.

Greene, Caracelli, and Graham (1989) suggest that five major objectives or motivations exist for conducting MMR. e first one is ‘triangulation’, which provides validation and concurrence of results gained from various methods and designs investigating the same circumstance. ‘Complementarity’, as the second motivation, seeks for further detailing, improvement, interpretation and description of the results obtained from one method with results from the other method. e third one is ‘initiation’, which means unearthing the bias, and discrepancies that cause re-designing of the research question. ‘Development’, the fourth motivation, includes utilizing the findings from one method to deliver clues to other method. e last motivation, ‘expansion’, seeks to expand the size of research with different methods for different investigation factors. The correct answer is Choice B.

Some of the advantages using the MMR are listed below (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004, p. 21; Johnson and Christensen, 2004, p. 646):

• Researchers can use numbers to add precision to words, pictures and narrative.

• It serves the opportunity to bene t from the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative research.

• A grounded theory can be created and tested by researcher by means of it.

• By conducting MMR, it is possible to answer a broader and more complete range of research questions as only a single method or approach does not limit the researcher.

• Regarding the speci c strengths of mixed methods research in a two-stage sequential design, the researcher can use the Stage 1 results to improve and brief the aim and design of the Stage 2 component.

• Using the strengths of an additional method to overcome the weaknesses in another method by using both in a research study is also possible.

• Stronger evidence for a conclusion through convergence and corroboration of ndings can be available through MMR. Moreover, it may bring understanding and comprehension that might be missed when only a single method is applied.

• A researcher can also use MMR to increase the generalizability of the results.

• It can be concluded that qualitative and quantitative research blended together create more entire knowledge necessary to notify theory and practice.

On the other hand, conducting mixed methods research has some weaknesses, some of which result from researchers; some of which result from methodology itself. According to Johnson and Christensen, (2004, p. 647) the weaknesses of the MMR are as follows:

A single researcher may have di culty in carrying out both qualitative and quantitative research, especially if two or more approaches are expected to be done concurrently (i.e., the study might require a research team).

e researcher has to learn about multiple methods and approaches and understand how to combine them appropriately.

Methodological purists contend that one should always work within either a qualitative or quantitative paradigm.

It is more expensive.

It is more time-consuming.

Some of the details of mixed research

remain to be worked out fully by research methodologists (e.g., problems of paradigm mixing, techniques for qualitatively analyzing quantitative data, how to integrate data and inferences, and how to interpret con icting results).

As it can be seen, mixed method is expected to be more expensive than the other research methods. The correct answer is Choice E.

Badice (2010) have pointed out different types of research questions in MMR. Researchers can use separate questions, written in quantitative and qualitative strands of the study; general overarching mixed methods questions, addressed with both quantitative and qualitative approaches; hybrid mixed methods, in which one question is written with two distinct parts (one part addresses to quantitative and another part addresses to qualitative part); mixed methods procedural/mixing questions, directing the integration of the qualitative and quantitative strands of the study; and combination, in which questions are written separately both in qualitative and quantitative strands. From these types of questions, it is possible to say that combination type is the clearest and the most widely used one. The correct answer is Choice C.

Instrument fidelity pertains to evaluating the convenience and/or effectuality of current instruments, by generating new instruments and observing performance of human instruments. Treatment integrity presents evaluating the level of compliance of intervention. Complementarity seeks elaboration, enhancement, illustration, and clarification of the results from one method with results from the other method. Significance enhancement refers to interpretation and utility of findings. Initiation refers to discovering paradoxes and contradictions as well as providing different perspectives that may lead to a reframing of the research question or results. The correct answer is Choice D.

Expansion seeks to expand the breadth and range of inquiry by using different methods for different inquiry components. Complementarity seeks elaboration, enhancement, illustration, and clarification of the results from one method with results from the other method. Participant enrichment means making sampling better by blending quantitative and qualitative research approaches in order to select eligible participants for the study. Triangulation seeks convergence, correspondence, and corroboration of results from different methods studying the same phenomenon. Development seeks to use the results from one method to help inform the other method. The correct answer is Choice C.

In identical sampling exactly the same participants are involved in both the and qualitative phases of the study. In parallel sampling, sample for the quantitative and qualitative components of the study are different but are drawn from the same population of interest. In nested sampling sample members selected for one phase of the study represent a subset of those sample members selected for the previous phase of the research. In multilevel sampling use of two or more sets of samples that are extracted from different levels of the population of interest. The correct answer is Choice D.

Convergent design: 

Explanatory design:

Exploratory design:

Embedded design:

Transformative design:

The correct answer is Choice D.

Commensurability: The extent to which the meta-inferences made reflect a mixed worldview based on the cognitive process of Gestalt switching and integration.

Paradigmatic mixing: The extent to which the researcher’s epistemological, ontological, axiological, methodological, and rhetorical beliefs that underlie the quantitative and qualitative approaches are successfully (a) combined or (b) blended into a usable package.

Multiple Validities: The extent to which addressing legitimation of the quantitative and qualitative components of the study result from the use of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed validity types, yielding high quality meta- inferences.

Inside-Outside: The extent to which the researcher accurately presents and appropriately utilizes the insider’s view and the observer’s views for purposes such as description and explanation.

Conversion: The extent to which the quantitizing or qualitizing yields quality meta-inferences.

The correct answer is Choice A.

It is necessary to represent the importance of all findings in the MMR article (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2004). Regarding the significance of that, an interpretive framework which includes ten aspects of quality is drafted by Teddlie and Tashakkori (2009, pp. 301-302):

Appropriateness of design (i.e. ‘Are the methods of study appropriate for answering the research questions?’; ‘Does the design match the research questions?’; ‘Does the mixed methods design match the stated purpose for conducting an integrated study?’; ‘Do the strands of the mixed methods study address the same research questions [or closely related aspects of the research question]?’).

Reliability of design (i.e. ‘Are the qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods procedures or design components... capturing the meanings, effects, or relationships?’).

Coherence inside the design (i.e. ‘Do the components of the design t together in a seamless manner?’; ‘Do the strands of the mixed methods study follow each other [or are they linked] in a logical and seamless manner?’).

Analytical competence (i.e., ‘Are the data analysis procedures/strategies appropriate and adequate to provide possible answers to research questions?’; ‘Are the mixed methods strategies implemented effectively?’).

Analytical cohesion (i.e., ‘Do the inferences closely follow the relevant findings in terms of type, scope, and intensity?’; ‘Are multiple inferences made on the basis of the same ndings consistent with each other?’).

Conceptual coherence (i.e., ‘Are the inferences consistent with theory and state of knowledge in the eld?’);

Explicative concurrence (i.e., ‘Are other scholars likely to reach the same conclusions on the basis of the same results?’; ‘Do the inferences match participants’ constructions?’).

Analytical uniqueness (i.e., ‘Is each inference distinctively more credible/plausible than other possible conclusions that might be made on the basis of the same results?’).

Combining efficiency (i.e., ‘Do the meta-inferences adequately incorporate the inferences that are made in each strand of the study?’; ‘If there are credible inconsistencies between inferences made within/across strands, are the theoretical explanations for these inconsistencies explored, and possible explanations offered?’).

Exploratory agreement (i.e., ‘Do the inferences correspond to the stated purpose/questions of the study?’; ‘Do the inferences made in each strand address the purposes of the study in that strand?’; ‘Do the meta-inferences meet the stated need for using a mixed methods design?’) (Leech et al., 2011)

The correct answer is Choice E.

While writing the MMR report, the researchers can come across possible four problems. These problems can be explained as follows:

The correct answer is Choice E.

When writing a structured abstract, consider the following sub-headings:

Problem statement: Why do we care about the problem? What practical, scientific, theoretical gap is your research topic filling?

Purpose: What is the overall purpose of the study?

Method: The basic design of the study. What did you actually do to get your findings/ results?

Results/Findings: Major findings found as a result of your analysis. What did you learn/ invent/create?

Conclusion/Implications: What is your concluding remark? What are the larger implications of your findings, especially for the problem/gap identified in the research?

How a sample opening paragraph is structured is given below;

For a study about child development, parenting and culture

Parenting style is a well established influence on child development (Bornstein, 2003). - A statement of the general topic.

Research indicates that different parenting styles are generally predictive of academic and emotional adaptation in children (Steinberg, Elmen & Mounts, 1989). - A general statement about what the literature has found.

However, some research has suggested that the influence of parenting style may vary across cultures and by immigration status (Frankel & Roer-Bornstein, 1982). - A statement about what the literature is missing or where there is an unanswered question.

The aim of the current study was to examine how parenting style among first-generation immigrants from the African diaspora influenced child development. - The aim of the study.

The study examined parenting style and child outcomes within a community of Somalian immigrants in the Northeastern United States.- A general statement of the study approach.

Coherence. The sentences should be arranged in a logical manner and should follow a definite plan for development. ... It is the unity and coherence of ideas represented in a sentence or among sentences that constitutes to a good paragraph.

Paraphrasing: To state something written or spoken in different words, esp. in a shorter and simpler form to make the meaning clearer (Cambridge Dictionary).

The verb indicates that the source is providing evidence or reasons for a position:

Argues

Asserts

Contends

Demonstrates

Holds

Illustrates

Indicates

Insists

Maintains

Proposes

Shows

Supports