ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ - Deneme Sınavı - 9

idley (2012, 43) expresses the purpose of a literature search as follows:

To identify the field and specific context in which the topic is located.

To decide which research and methodology will be adopted, which type of data may be collected and analyzed.

To deepen your knowledge related to the key concepts of the research topic

To avoid repeating previous studies that have ben completed before your attempt and to produce an original work.

To avoid the mistakes that past studies reported.

To discover the key people, organizations, and papers related to your research topic.

Knopf (2006) expresses the benefits of a literature review as follows:

It can introduce a general overview of the previous studies which you do not know about.

It can keep away the reviewer from “reinventing the wheel” so you won’t waste your time by repeating the similar efforts.

It can inspire your research by giving new ideas.

It can enable you to figure out where there are issues or imperfections in current literature.

It can help you extend your research to inspire further studies based on your research.

A scientific research process involves 1) problem identification, 2) data collection, 3) data analysis, 4) interpretation, and 5) report writing.

Dependent variable is the one whose change is observed in comparison to other variables, and it is generally symbolized with the letter “Y”.

Qualitative research is de ned as a method where perceptions and events can be pictured in their natural environments with a holistic and realistic perspective through use of qualitative data collection techniques such as observation, interview, and document analysis. To further clarify, its basic features can be listed as follows: (1) sensitivity to natural environment, (2) participatory role of the researcher, (3) holistic approach, (4) identifying the perceptions,(5) flexibility in research design, and (6) inductive analysis. Each of these features are explained in the following paragraphs. The correct answer is Choice E.

A hypothesis is the conversion of a research problem into a tangible form that can be examined and tested. Thus, a well-developed hypothesis should clearly point out the dependent and independent variables, their levels, the research model, and whether the relation or difference will be studied in that research.

Qualitative research is de ned as a method where perceptions and events can be pictured in their natural environments with a holistic and realistic perspective through use of qualitative data collection techniques such as observation, interview, and document analysis. To further clarify, its basic features can be listed as follows: (1) sensitivity to natural environment, (2) participatory role of the researcher, (3) holistic approach, (4) identifying the perceptions,(5) flexibility in research design, and (6) inductive analysis. Each of these features are explained in the following paragraphs. 

Holistic data collection is among the other features of qualitative research methods. Based on the fact that a whole means more than the collection of its parts, research subject is approached with a holistic perspective. Collected with this standpoint, data should also be analysed through a holistic approach. What lies under this idea is the hypothesis that the nature of human behaviour is sophisticated and cannot be easily divided into smaller parts. at is why qualitative research efforts focus on the unity of variables that comprise the problem and the relations among them. The correct answer is Choice C.

There are two primary research designs often utilized for quantitative research studies, which are survey and experimental designs.

Primary experimental designs are:

The Classic Randomized Experimental Design

Post-test Design

Repeated-Measurement Design

Multiple-Group Design

Randomized Field Experiments

Quasi-Experiments

Intervention Analysis

Case study is the most widely employed design in IR, and this is an increasing tendency in the eld. The efforts to figure out complex social events or phenomena can be taken as the reason for this inclination. The correct answer is Choice A.

When it is possible to reach every single unit of a population, there is no need for sampling. Yet, sampling has to be precisely completed if all the units of a population is not within the reach of a researcher. Sample is a representative piece of the population whose features are examined.

Researchers need a standardization to interpret quantitative research data, which is labelled as significance level. A significance level (or alpha level) is a probability level that reflects the maximum risk you are willing to take that any observed differences are due to chance. It is typically set at .01 or .05. This means that an extremely low probability value will actually be observed 1 out of 100 times (or 5 out of 100 times) if the null hypothesis is true. During the planning stage, a quantitative researcher should ascertain which level of significance (.01 or .05) will be the standard for her/his research.

Ethnography design would be the right choice if the research aim is to explore the principles that regulate daily routines such as language, religion, tradition, power relations, and sovereignty of a specific cultural group.

Yin (2014) classi es case studies mainly into two: single-case and multiple-case. e former, single-case studies, can be suitable for critical, extraordinary, common, revelatory, or longitudinal cases whereas the latter, multiple-case studies, refers to more than one case. At this point, it is wise to remember that case study may sometimes involve analysis of more than one case depending on the focal phenomenon.

As for Woodside (2010), case studies should be categorized into three groups, which are theorizing and testing, narrative or drawing, and assessment. Primary focus of theorizing and testing case studies is collection of empirical data for a theory whose effectiveness is still blurry. Narrative and drawing case studies involve sharing descriptive records about political decisions, social structures, or stories of systems with relevant people following a scrutiny. Assessment based case studies refer to informing relevant people or institutions about value judgements after researchers closely examine the aforementioned political formations, systems, projects, or other case studies.

Case studies are sometimes known as process tracing and case reports in IR, and they employ quantitative data collections, too.

The correct answer is B.

During data coding, the researcher divides the data into meaningful groups after thorough examination and tries to figure out what each division means conceptually. Divisions forming a meaningful unit are named-coded by the researcher.

Because of the increase in research studies employing ethnography design in 1980s, this period is also known as “ethnographic transformation of global policies” (Varsti, 2008). The correct answer is Choice C.

Different designs are employed to explain how the research process is built in a mixed research method. These designs include The Convergent Design, The Explanatory Sequential Design, The Exploratory Sequential Design, The Intervention Design, The Social Justice Design, and The Multistage Evaluation Design.

Ethnography is a research design where a researcher analyzes common behaviors, language, and action models of an intact culture within their natural environment during a long time-span. The correct answer is Choice B.

An important feature of grounded theory is that the concepts and categories are distilled from the data collected throughout the research. These concept and categories can never be established before the research commences. Another significant feature is the fact that data collection and analysis are intricately interwoven. Third feature, on the other hand, is the advantage to purposefully select study sample within grounded theory. A sample that promises necessary richness in data set should be selected in grounded theory since the theory will be derived during the research process involving simultaneous data collection and analysis. The correct answer is Choice E.

Scientific research is a process of systematic data collection and analysis to figure out a solution to a problem.