ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ - Deneme Sınavı - 8

Quantitative research is based on positivist paradigm, which advocates that reality will surface precisely through logic and experiment

A hypothesis is either an educated guess about the result of a problem or a temporary solution to a problem.

Survey is a quantitative research design aiming to determine individuals’ attitudes, behaviors, or opinions as they are without any outside interference.

In this design, a researcher should foresee the formation of two groups: one (or more) is the experimental group consisting of participants given an experimental intervention, and the other is the control group composed of participants who are not either given any experimental manipulation or provided with any test stimuli. The researcher should assign the participants in each group randomly. Subjects cannot decide which group they are going to be in. This random assignment of participants to any of the groups is known as randomization, and placement in any group is a matter of chance. Subsequently, the researcher administers the experimental intervention. In other words, s/he provides the experimental group with relevant stimuli by determining the time, setting, and situation on her/his own. Using this design, the researcher establishes a dependent variable that can be measured both before and after the independent variable is introduced. These are termed as pre-test and post-test measurements, and they indicate if the experimental process has any effect or not. This gauges the effect that the independent variable has over the dependent variable, namely the main focus of that experimental research.

Action research is a cyclical and spiral process that is conducive to development and change, that encompasses individuals’ own practice, that entails systematic data collection, that enables reflective questioning, and as a result of these, that provides opportunities to plan and apply new action.

If the aim of a research is to determine how standpoints about an event or a phenomenon vary from one participant to another, and if the event or phenomenon is conceived to be influenced by an individual’s personal features (such as political thoughts, socio- economic status, etc.), then maximum variation sampling could be the right technique to select participants. The correct answer is Choice E.

Case study is another qualitative research design that can be used to obtain in-depth information about a current issue or to verify and explain effectiveness of a theory across various contexts.

Ethnography is a design rooted in social research tradition, and it analyzes the routines regulating daily lives of individuals that form a social group from those individuals’ point of views.

Phenomenology is a qualitative research design focusing on perceptions and meanings that individuals develop based on their experiences

Participatory observation is a data collection technique that entails direct participation into the target setting or the daily routines of the target group via interaction with the members of that group. The correct answer is Choice B.

Grounded theory is a design mostly employed to develop a theory that would explain processes, actions, and interactions among people

For narrative research design, on the other hand, Riessman’s (2005) classification is utilized in general: thematic analysis, structural analysis, interactive analysis, and performative analysis. According to this classification, in thematic analysis, a researcher gathers many narrations and concludes findings by grouping the data conceptually via an inductive approach. As for structural analysis, what matters more than narration is the form of narration, and it is a suitable approach to provide details in case studies and to compare more than one narration. Interactive analysis focuses on the dialogue between the narrator and listener. The focal point of a performative analysis is not the words spoken, but gestures, mimes, and moves accompanying narration, and the effort to convince listeners. The aim of data analysis in grounded theory research is to develop an inductive theory based on the data set. Accordingly, data is analyzed via a process called constant comparison (Glaser and Strauss, 2006), in which the researcher first divides the data set into manageable parts and then compares each part with each other in terms of similarities and differences. The correct answer is Choice D.

Research questions should be focused, manageable, and answerable from the available literature. Accordingly, the correct answer is C.

The purposes of literatüre review includes the following:

1. To identify the field and specific context in which the topic is located

2. To decide which research and methodology will be adopted, which type of data may be collected and analyzed

3. To deepen your knowledge related to the key concepts of the research topic

4. To avoid repeating previous studies that have ben completed before your attempt and to produce an original work

5. To avoid the mistakes that past studies reported

6. To discover the key people, organizations, and papers related to your research topic

Accordingly, the correct answer is D.

The correct order of the steps of literature review are as follows: A, C, B, E, D, F, G

Boolean searching is also known as keyword searching. Accordingly, the correct answer is E.

Abstracts summarize the primary or secondary sources. Accordingly, the correct answer is C.