ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ - Deneme Sınavı - 6

Chemistry

Scientific research is the process of systematic and planned data collection, data analysis, assessment and interpretation, and reporting in order to figure out reliable and valid solutions to problems by limiting them (Erkuş, 2011). It can be either quantitative or qualitative.

Quantitative research is based on positivist paradigm, which advocates that reality will surface precisely through logic and experiment.

If a variable can only assume certain values or options, and if it can be expressed through only whole numbers, then it is a discrete variable. For example, gender variable can assume either male or female option.

Dependent variable is the one whose change is observed in comparison to other variables, and it is generally symbolized with the letter “Y” (Erkuş, 2011).

Survey serves to determine general tendency, attitude, or opinions of a population quantitatively or in numerical values by working on a sample chosen from that population.

A is case study, B is grounded theory, C is narrative inquiry, E is ethnography.

Quantitative research makes generalizations.

he research process is built in a mixed research
method. These designs include The Convergent
Design, The Explanatory Sequential Design, The
Exploratory Sequential Design, The Intervention
Design, The Social Justice Design, and The Multistage
Evaluation Design (Creswell, 2015).

The Convergent Design aims to integrate the results obtained
from both qualitative and quantitative data analyses.
Researchers adopting this design collect both
qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously.

In the Intervention Design, quantitative
aspect outweighs the qualitative one.
Experimental procedure is applied during the
quantitative phase. Qualitative data, on the
other hand, is used to enhance and assess the
research process.

Epistemology can be defined as the philosophy of
knowledge, or the study of knowledge. Epistemology,
thus, is also referred to as the theory of knowledge.

E is related to Empiricism.

The word “empirical” refers to knowledge or
understanding that is based on experience in
the world. As in “empirical sciences” which
means science based on experience.

In inductivism, the starting point is observations of singular facts, events, or happenings, then expressing
them as singular observation statements. An important condition is that the observations must be theoryfree in order to prevent contamination of pure facts with a previously accepted theory. This is important,
because theory is built in bottom-up fashion, from singular cases of observations. Option A is related to inductivism.

Testing should try to falsify all possible hypotheses rather than
trying to confirm them, and eventually try to
falsify the theory itself. This view was offered by
Karl Popper in the 20th century, and is known as
falsificationism (Popper, 1965).

According to Kuhn, paradigm comes prior to
any set of activities or procedures and provides the
practitioners with the current state of knowledge
and practices of a field. A paradigm is defined as a
worldview, or an intellectual or theoretical framework
that provides guidance for the engagement of the
community of scientists with their phenomena of
interest.

An anomaly is defined by Kuhn
as a deviation of the “paradigm-induced
expectations that govern normal science”
(Kuhn, 1962, pp. 52-53).

Option A is Theory, B is paradigm shift, D is Falsification,  E is Hypothesis

Past experiences of professionals can be a strong inspiration for researchers.

Theories can be used to develop research studies.