AMERİKAN DIŞ POLİTİKASI

As the Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s, references to a new world order came to be made by different leaders. References of two of these leaders have become especially significant for the early post-Cold War years. Therefore, the correct option is A.

American exceptionalism refers to the history of the U.S. as different from other nations that is based on liberty, egalitarianism, and laissez faire. It also refers to the idea that the US has a unique mission to defend and spread these values in the world. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Persian Gulf War On August 2, 1990, Iraqi army has marched into Iraq’s oil-rich neighbor Kuwait. Iraq greatly overwhelmed Kuwait’s defense forces, therefore quickly completed the invasion and annexed the country. Initially the U.S. approached the crisis with caution. The U.S. administration issued a public condemnation denouncing the invasion and demanded the immediate withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait. However, at that time, the administration had no plans to take further action stating that “this ain’t our show”. Therefore, the correct option is B.

In late November, UN Security Council passed Resolution 678 that set a deadline of 15 January 1991 for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait or face military action if it failed to comply. The unanimity at the UN Security Council was noteworthy. The possibility that the U.S. armed forces might get involved in the conflict necessitated President Bush to seek approval of the Congress. Therefore, the correct option is B.

President George H. W. Bush ordered in August 1992 an emergency U.S. airlift of food to Somalia. However, it soon became clear that more needed to be done to address this humanitarian crisis. Therefore, the correct option is D.

President George H. W. had been defeated in re-election. His successor President William J. Clinton reduced the number of U.S. troops, therefore relying mainly on UN forces to maintain law and order. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The violent breakup of Yugoslavia in the postCold War years became another important test case for the Clinton Administration. Yugoslavia was established in the aftermath of World War I that embodied various ethnic and religious groups. Marshal Josip Broz Tito ruled the country and suppressed the nationalistic movements until his death in 1980. Together with the end of Cold War, the constituting republics of Yugoslavia began to disintegrate. Therefore, the correct option is D.

As the Somali crisis deepened, the U.S. faced another crisis, this time close to its borders. Haiti had its first democratic elections in 1990. However, its first democratically elected president the Reverend Jean-Bertrand Aristide was ousted by a violent military takeover less than a year after. Tens of thousands of Haitians tried to escape by boat. Initially, Coast Guard took fleeing Haitians to the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo. However, as the number of asylum seekers mounted President Bush directed the Coast Guard to turn back any Haitian “boat people”. Therefore, the correct option is B.

In the early 1990s, there was an enabling environment to resume the Middle East peace process. With the end of Cold War, Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) lost its strong supporter, the Soviet Union. In addition, the PLO leader Yasser Arafat made a costly decision to support Iraq during the Gulf War. On the Israeli side, Yitzhak Rabin’s Labor Party replaced the hard line Likud government in 1992. Therefore, the correct option is A.

The Troubles refers to the ethno-nationalist conflict on the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. The Troubles started in the late 1960s and ended with Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement in 1998. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The U.S. administration initially remained cautious to Gorbachev’s calls in 1988. However, the Malta Summit between the U.S. President Bush and
Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev in December 1989 gave a new impetus to the discussions on a new world order. In the summit, the U.S. and the
Soviet leaders declared an end to the Cold War.

American exceptionalism refers to the history of the U.S. as different from other nations that is based on liberty, egalitarianism, and laissez faire. It also refers to the idea that the US has a unique mission to defend and spread these values in the world.

Several options were available to the policy-makers and analysts within the U.S. administration and outside. There were mainly four grand strategies. First was a retreat from global leadership. This is also referred to as neoisolationism. Second one is the strategy of selective engagement in areas that would prevent the great powers to go to war with one another. Third is to
act collectively to achieve and sustain peace through international institutions. Fourth and final strategy is to show an effort to maintain both economic and
military primacy.

For strategic purposes, Clinton adopted a “look homeward” agenda during his presidential campaign. Clinton’s focus on domestic economic renewal set the tone of the electoral campaigns. Indeed, Clinton wanted to establish a new social contract between the American government and its citizens. He named this as the “New Covenant”, which became a theme Clinton used during his
electoral campaign to describe his agenda

The Somalia experience taught an important lesson to President Clinton about deployment U.S. forces to far-off countries that had no obvious links
to U.S. national interests. For instance, in the wake of its failure in Somalia, the Clinton Administration chose not to intervene in the Rwandan genocide
in 1994 (Kaufman, 2017: 130). Furthermore, in May 1994, President Clinton signed a Presidential Decision Directive that aimed to limit U.S. involvement in UN peacekeeping operations and therefore introduced new conditions on support to these operations.

In 1993, U.S. brokered an agreement between Aristide and the military regime. The military accepted Aristide’s return to power in exchange for a pardon to a military leadership. However, an armed anti-Aristide mob met the
U.S.S. Harlan County – the U.S. ship that carry the peacekeepers to oversee the transition – at the dock. The ship had to return back to the U.S.
This marked one of the lowest points in Clinton’s foreign policy.

The violent breakup of Yugoslavia in the postCold War years became another important test case for the Clinton Administration. Yugoslavia
was established in the aftermath of World War I
that embodied various ethnic and religious groups.
Marshal Josip Broz Tito ruled the country and
suppressed the nationalistic movements until his
death in 1980. Together with the end of Cold War,
the constituting republics of Yugoslavia began to
disintegrate.

Northern Ireland
President Clinton also actively worked to end the conflict in Northern Ireland. When Clinton was elected president, the violent conflict in Northern Ireland, known as the Troubles, had been going on for decades. However, the ceasefire in 1994 paved the way to start negotiations. President Clinton appointed former Senator George Mitchell as his Special Envoy for Northern Ireland. Mitchell was to lead an international body and assist in brokering the peace talks.

G-7/G-8 and G-20
The Clinton Administration also took part in establishing and expanding international economic cooperation. One such initiative is the expansion
of what had been the Group of Seven (G-7). Initially, the G-6 had been established in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom
and the U.S. to provide a forum in particular for macroeconomic initiatives among its members. A year later Canada joined. After the G-7 Naples
Summit, the Russian officials were invited to the political discussions. This became known as the Political 8 (P-8), or the G7+1. President Clinton
along with the United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blair invited Russian President Boris Yeltsin to the G-7 meetings. Russia became a fully
participating member in 1998.

With the end of the Cold War, the relations of the U.S. with the Western European countries became more complex. Western European countries
had been moving closer since the 1950s. The six Western European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands) estasblished the European Economic Community, which soon expanded to include Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom (1973), Greece (1981), Spain and Portugal (1986). In 1995, the former neutral Austria, Finland and Sweden also joined.

Soon after the Cold War ended, the newly independent countries of the Central and Eastern Europe sought membership of this developing and
attractive Union as well.