AMERİKAN DIŞ POLİTİKASI

Anti-imperialism roiled just under the surface and it would manifest itself as Arab nationalism.

On July 8, MacArthur was named supreme commander of all UN forces. The North Koreans soon occupied all but a small corner of South Korea, a fifty by eighty-mile cordon known as the Pusan Perimeter.

The Geneva Conference (1954) settled on a
partition of Vietnam along the 17th parallel,
with free elections to be held under international
supervision two years later. Despite participating
in the conference, South Vietnam and the
Eisenhower administration refused to sign the
agreement and did not hold elections in 1956.
The reason was simple: Ho Chi Minh was the
likely victor and by that time, Vietnam was firmly
in the communist camp. For the next ten years,
America would support its corrupt and unpopular
president, Ngo Dinh Diem.

The CIA under presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon likewise attempted to spoil democratic elections if the threat of a pro-communist victory seemed possible. In 1970, the election of a Marxist in Chile, Salvador Allende, stunned the Nixon administration. Nixon considered an immediate coup, but did not have the time or infrastructure to carry it out. Thus, Allende ruled for the next three years, continuing the policies of his predecessors of fully nationalizing the copper industry and expropriating land and redistributing it among the poor. Copper was the primary U.S. investment in Chile.

In the closing months of the First World War, Palestinian territory fell from the Ottoman hands to a British mandate. In 1917, the British government issued the Balfour Declaration, guaranteeing a national home for the
Jewish people in Palestine. Following the 1936-37 Arab revolt, the British government acknowledge that the local Palestinian population should have been consulted.

Despite the fact that
Britain isolated Iran from its potential markets
and Western expertise, nationalized oil continued
in Iran. Britain wanted to use the Royal Navy
to repossess the oilfields. Eisenhower believed it
would be more effective to use MI6 and the CIA
to orchestrate a coup. It came to be known as
Operation Ajax. Plausible deniability was critical.
Iran was one of the few countries in the Middle East
with sizable communist party.

The Reagan
Doctrine states:
“Our mission is to nourish and defend freedom of democracy… on every continent from
Afghanistan to Nicaragua---to defy Soviet supported aggression and [to] secure rights which have been ours from birth…Support for freedom
fighters is self-defense” (Reagan, 1985)

All of the statements given are correct.

The overthrow of the Egypt’s monarch in 1952 by a military officer, Gamal Abdel Nasser represented to the United States the unleashing of a force beyond their control: Nasserism.

Kisinger's priority was to disengage from Vietnam, but with honor. The other items given are correct.

In 1944 at an idyllic New Hampshire resort, Britain and America established with the Bretton Woods conference three major goals: 1) make funds available for postwar reconstruction and development; 2) to control the currency chaos that follows wars by making funds contingent upon sound monetary practices; 3) reduce or eliminate trade barriers. From Bretton Woods came the World Bank and the IMF. The president of the World Bank has traditionally been American, the managing director for the IMF, European.

The deteriorating situation in China had a profound impact on occupation policies in Japan during the late 1940s. General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, overseeing the occupation of Japan, sought to eliminate its war potential as well as turning it into a Western-style nation. MacArthur drafted a new constitution for Japan, tried war criminals, initiated land reform and to eliminate castes. The zaibatsu (traditional large business conglomerates) was to be eliminated and the country partially deindustrialized

President Ronald Reagan’s ambassador to the UN, argued there was a fundamental difference between authoritarian government (dictator on the right), and totalitarian (dictator on the left) -- authoritarian governments can eventually reform into democracies, totalitarian dictators cannot (the Kirkpatrick Doctrine)

The Truman administration believed that communism spreads on economic misery; democracy, on a successful and prosperous foundation of capitalism. Europe experienced a crippling winter in 1946-47. Their economy was only two-thirds of its pre-war level. There was no definitive approach on how to handle Germany in the peace. The task of rebuilding Europe was monumental despite the far-reaching reforms of Bretton Woods. The IMF and World Bank were simply inadequate – and it was in the Soviet interest to prolong misery in Western Europe. Communist partisans played a key role in defeating the fascists in Italy and France. After the war, their ranks were large and politically influential. Central to the problem was the dollar gap, that is, Europe needed from the United States wheat, coal, machinery, sugar, but it did not have the money to pay for it. Moreover, the United States was so well supplied, it needed little from Europe. Faced with the very real fear that the communists would capitalize on Western European impoverishment to further their gains, Truman scrapped any last vestiges of the Morgenthau Plan and requested $17 billion in funds (with $12 billion ultimately allocated and spent, or 100 billion in today’s dollars). This came to be known as the Marshall Plan. Most funds went to the economic engines of Europe: Britain, France and West Germany. The Marshall Plan was a living demonstration of the economic might and success of the capitalist model. By 1950, Western Europe exceeded its pre-war production by 25 percent

The CIA became a favorite tool of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. As the Supreme Allied Commander in World War II and a lifelong military man, Eisenhower saw firsthand the cost of the military, which made him fiscally conservative.

By 1972, the Nixon Doctrine tempered such high expectations with the need for compromise and negotiations, as well as relying on other countries to share the burden. America was to support, not replace, local fighters. However, Nixon and Kissinger’s triangulations reeked of amoral, self-interested maneuvering.

The Reagan Doctrine states: “Our mission is to nourish and defend freedom of democracy… on every continent from Afghanistan to Nicaragua---to defy Sovietsupported aggression and [to] secure rights which have been ours from birth…Support for free

The drop in hard currency from falling oil prices coupled with the mounting pressures of the war in Afghanistan and Reagan’s arms race strained the USSR to its breaking point. The new Soviet premier, Mikhail Gorbachev, was departure from the Soviet old guard, who had been dying off in rapid succession during the early 1980s. When Gorbachev came to power in 1985, he was young, dynamic and willing to experiment. Crucially, he recognized that reform was needed. He offered up “glasnost” (openness) and “perestroika” (restructuring). The Soviets needed to reduce its military costs. To the West, he was a man we could do business with.

The drop in hard currency from falling oil prices coupled with the mounting pressures of the war in Afghanistan and Reagan’s arms race strained the USSR to its breaking point. The new Soviet premier, Mikhail Gorbachev, was departure from the Soviet old guard, who had been dying off in rapid succession during the early 1980s. When Gorbachev came to power in 1985, he was young, dynamic and willing to experiment. Crucially, he recognized that reform was needed. He offered up “glasnost” (openness) and “perestroika” (restructuring). The Soviets needed to reduce its military costs. To the West, he was a man we could do business with. The two leaders met in October 1986 in Reykjavik. While the summit did not produce any breakthroughs, largely because of Reagan’s unwillingness to negotiate away SDI research, it did pave the way for the Washington Summit in December 1987. There the Intermediate Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty was signed, the only one of its kind eliminating an entire class of nuclear weapons (National Security Archive). At both summits, Gorbachev was willing to go much further than the Americans in eliminating nuclear weapons and sought genuine collaboration on ending the war in Afghanistan. For his part, Reagan pushed hard on human rights violations, as delineated by the Helsinki Accords.

Nixon and Kissinger bypassed the State Department and set their own foreign policy course. Their priorities were two: 1) disengage from Vietnam, but with honor; 2) reengage with China to exploit their tension with the Soviet Union to secure agreements both favorable to the United States. Twenty years earlier, Secretary of State Dean Acheson recognized the same opportunity, but the political climate created by Nixon, among others, made negotiations unimaginable. This is why Nixon shocked the world in February 1972 when he announced a visit to the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Only a Republican with his Cold War credentials could pull off such a diplomatic coup. For twenty years, the West failed to recognize Mao’s government, nor grant it a seat at the United Nations.