AMERİKAN DIŞ POLİTİKASI

Any state’s foreign policy is shaped by domestic actors - including the president, the prime minister, the bureaucracy, the Cabinet, Congress, and interest groups - and through strategic interactions with foreign actors.

Isolationism refers to a policy of the U.S. remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries. In a sense, this policy aimed at ensuring U.S. aloofness when it comes to international power struggles. The Monroe Doctrine, enunciated in 1823 by President James Monroe, became the cornerstone of this policy. With the end of World War I, but especially World War II, the twin policies of containment and deterrence provided the guiding principles of the foreign policy of U. S..

Based on the Article II of the U.S. Constitution, the president exercises substantial control over U.S.’s diplomatic and military institutions, and therefore, is the most important voice determining with whom, when, and how the U.S. will engage in the international arena.

That the presidents are using different tactics to bypass Congress is a significant change in U.S. foreign policy making process because such presidential decisions allegedly violate the War Powers Resolution. The War Powers Resolution (also known as the War Powers Act) is a federal law that was enacted in 1973 with the intention to check the president’s power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. According to this resolution, a president can send U.S. military forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress. The declaration of war provides a “statutory authorization” for the U.S. to be able to use its military force in cases of “a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces.”

The U.S. Congress is a bicameral legislative institution with 100 senators serving in the Senate and 435 state representatives serving in the House of Representatives. These two bodies of Congress share full legislative power.

The Department of Defense, which has three subordinate military departments - the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force - is charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government directly related to national security and the United States Armed Forces.

The National Security Council (NSC) is the president’s principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. The NSC was created under President Truman in 1947, and since then, the Council’s two main functions have been to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies and to serve as the president’s main arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies.

The most important and influential ethnic- or national origin interest group affecting U.S. foreign policy has traditionally been the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). AIPAC is a bipartisan organization of U.S. citizens committed solely to strengthening, protecting and promoting the U.S.-Israel relationship in ways that enhance the security of the United States and Israel.

The Monroe Doctrine, which became a cornerstone of U.S. diplomacy for generations and guided US’s relations with other countries until the end of World War II, warned European powers not to attempt further colonization or otherwise interfere in the Western Hemisphere, stating that the United States would view any such interference as a potentially hostile act.

The Truman Doctrine was further augmented by the Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957 when President Dwight D. Eisenhower declared that any country could request economic and military assistance from the United States in the case of a real or perceived threat emanating from the Soviet Union. In addition, this doctrine clarified the American commitment to use military force in order to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of these states.

The correct choice is A.

The correct choice is D.

The correct choice is B.

The correct choice is E.

The correct choice is C.

The correct choice is D.

The correct choice is C.

The correct choice is E.

The correct choice is C.

The correct choice is B.