AMERİKAN DIŞ POLİTİKASI - Deneme Sınavı - 6

As the Somali crisis deepened, the U.S. faced another crisis, this time close to its borders. Haiti had its first democratic elections in 1990. However, its first democratically elected president the Reverend Jean-Bertrand Aristide was ousted by a violent military takeover less than a year after. Tens of thousands of Haitians tried to escape by boat. Initially, Coast Guard took fleeing Haitians to the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo. However, as the number of asylum seekers mounted President Bush directed the Coast Guard to turn back any Haitian “boat people”. Therefore, the correct option is B.

In the early 1990s, there was an enabling environment to resume the Middle East peace process. With the end of Cold War, Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) lost its strong supporter, the Soviet Union. In addition, the PLO leader Yasser Arafat made a costly decision to support Iraq during the Gulf War. On the Israeli side, Yitzhak Rabin’s Labor Party replaced the hard line Likud government in 1992. Therefore, the correct option is A.

The Troubles refers to the ethno-nationalist conflict on the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. The Troubles started in the late 1960s and ended with Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement in 1998. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The 1990s can also be addressed as the decade of globalization. This had a triple impact on international relations. In the period between the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989 and the fall of Twin Towers on September 11, 2001 (also known as the 9/11), there were four significant developments in the world stage. The first development was the pervasive spread of globalization around the world. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Globalization defined simply as a “borderless world” was not just limited to spread of trade and investment but also spread of popular culture. It is based on the economic theory of comparative advantage. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The second significant development was the growing resistance towards globalization which is also known as the global justice movement or anti-globalization movement due to its acute effect of negative aspects on the national identity or the sovereignty of people. Despite those winners in the West, there were also many losers of globalization such as Russia, the Muslim world (particularly Iran and Iraq), Africa and some countries in Latin America who were not able to cope with the negative effects of globalization. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Writers referred to or addressed America’s role in the world and the new international structure in different words but all of the labels were similar in context. Some addressed America’s unilateral and preemptive use of force as the era of bipolarity or the “American Moment” and some announced the coming of the American Empire. Therefore, the correct option is A.

By the turn of 2000s, the United States was the sole super-power in the world as the Soviet Union was no longer a challenger. America’s supreme position in the world was mainly built on four dimensions:
(1) the USA not only had the largest and most advanced economy within the global economy but it was also the driving force of globalization,
(2) the USA was not only the sole superpower but it was also a hyperpower,
(3) the USA was the only country with the high-tech military power within the globe and was, at the time ,“the leader in the revolution in military affairs”, and
(4) the USA was a great example of not only a hard power but also a soft power as well. It was the disseminator of its popular culture throughout the world.

Therefore, the correct option is A.

The global imperial project of America was “the outcome of a domestic political struggle.” We can identify four different American foreign policy traditions. These are: (1) Traditional Liberals (also widely known as the Jeffersonian tradition), (2) Traditional Conservatives (also widely known as the Jacksonian tradition), (3) Neoliberals (also widely known as the Wilsonian tradition), and (4) Neo-conservatives (also widely known as the Hamiltonian tradition). The first two traditions are usually addressed as the national perspectives due to their emphasis on the principle of national interest. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Neo Conservatives/the Hamiltonian Tradition (the Global perspective)
• Global perspective: The US as a unique power within the global era.
• Central concern: American role in the global security. US as the leader in a grand project to eliminate military or terror threats to the security of America and its allies (primarily Israel). Elimination of such threats as rogue states, terrorist organizations and WMD.
• Partially represented by: Reagan administration (Reagan Doctrine: promoted anti-communist guerilla movements against Marxist regimes)
• Best represented by: George W. Bush (Bush Doctrine: particularly in regard to its foreign policy towards ME and its support of Israel and war in Iraq).

Therefore, the correct option is B.

Traditional Conservatives/ the Jacksonian Tradition (The National Perspective) • Central concern: American national security enhanced by national unity rather than engaging in foreign interventions that are remote from American vital interests.
• National perspective: The US foreign policy should be governed by the principle of national interest which is the promotion and protection of the interests of Americans.
• Best represented by: George H. W. Bush Traditional Conservatives/ the Jacksonian Tradition (The National Perspective) • Central concern: American national security enhanced by national unity rather than engaging in foreign interventions that are remote from American vital interests.
• National perspective: The US foreign policy should be governed by the principle of national interest which is the promotion and protection of the interests of Americans.
• Best represented by: George H. W. Bush.

Therefore, the correct option is A.

The tenets of neoconservative foreign policy thought
• America should preserve its military dominance in the post-Cold War world,
• Foreign Policy should be considered as a moral clarity between the forces of good (superiority of democracy) and evil and strong military should be advocated,
• America should not only leverage its military power, but it should also be eager to utilize its military force to pursue its interests,
• International institutions should not be taken so seriously. 

Therefore, the correct option is A.

September 11 attacks were quite traumatic for the American people and afterwards, a great question went up: “Why do they hate us? (Kurth, 2007: 151)” In 2001, the White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer (Fleischer cited in Bandow 2011) explained that Americans were hated because they were “beautiful people spreading freedom around the world”, “they don’t understand our goodness” and “they hate our freedoms… our freedom of religion, our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other". Therefore, the correct option is B.

According to the 'Percentage Agreement' Churchill and Stalin were in the same opinion that the Soviets would get the majority influence in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. Greece would go to Britain and they divided Yugoslavia fifty-fifty. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

Making funds available for postwar reconstruction and development, controlling the currency chaos that follows wars by making funds contingent upon sound monetary practices and reducing or eliminating trade barriers were the three major goals set by the USA and Britain at the Bretton Woods conference. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

The first test of containment came from Greece as they went into a civil war with communist insurgents. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

The Marshall Plan was a living demonstration of the economic might and success of the capitalist model. Therefore, the correct choice is B.