AMERİKAN DIŞ POLİTİKASI - Deneme Sınavı - 5

The U.S. administration initially remained cautious to Gorbachev’s calls in 1988. However, the Malta Summit between the U.S. President Bush and
Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev in December 1989 gave a new impetus to the discussions on a new world order. In the summit, the U.S. and the
Soviet leaders declared an end to the Cold War.

American exceptionalism refers to the history of the U.S. as different from other nations that is based on liberty, egalitarianism, and laissez faire. It also refers to the idea that the US has a unique mission to defend and spread these values in the world.

Several options were available to the policy-makers and analysts within the U.S. administration and outside. There were mainly four grand strategies. First was a retreat from global leadership. This is also referred to as neoisolationism. Second one is the strategy of selective engagement in areas that would prevent the great powers to go to war with one another. Third is to
act collectively to achieve and sustain peace through international institutions. Fourth and final strategy is to show an effort to maintain both economic and
military primacy.

For strategic purposes, Clinton adopted a “look homeward” agenda during his presidential campaign. Clinton’s focus on domestic economic renewal set the tone of the electoral campaigns. Indeed, Clinton wanted to establish a new social contract between the American government and its citizens. He named this as the “New Covenant”, which became a theme Clinton used during his
electoral campaign to describe his agenda

The Somalia experience taught an important lesson to President Clinton about deployment U.S. forces to far-off countries that had no obvious links
to U.S. national interests. For instance, in the wake of its failure in Somalia, the Clinton Administration chose not to intervene in the Rwandan genocide
in 1994 (Kaufman, 2017: 130). Furthermore, in May 1994, President Clinton signed a Presidential Decision Directive that aimed to limit U.S. involvement in UN peacekeeping operations and therefore introduced new conditions on support to these operations.

In 1993, U.S. brokered an agreement between Aristide and the military regime. The military accepted Aristide’s return to power in exchange for a pardon to a military leadership. However, an armed anti-Aristide mob met the
U.S.S. Harlan County – the U.S. ship that carry the peacekeepers to oversee the transition – at the dock. The ship had to return back to the U.S.
This marked one of the lowest points in Clinton’s foreign policy.

The violent breakup of Yugoslavia in the postCold War years became another important test case for the Clinton Administration. Yugoslavia
was established in the aftermath of World War I
that embodied various ethnic and religious groups.
Marshal Josip Broz Tito ruled the country and
suppressed the nationalistic movements until his
death in 1980. Together with the end of Cold War,
the constituting republics of Yugoslavia began to
disintegrate.

Northern Ireland
President Clinton also actively worked to end the conflict in Northern Ireland. When Clinton was elected president, the violent conflict in Northern Ireland, known as the Troubles, had been going on for decades. However, the ceasefire in 1994 paved the way to start negotiations. President Clinton appointed former Senator George Mitchell as his Special Envoy for Northern Ireland. Mitchell was to lead an international body and assist in brokering the peace talks.

G-7/G-8 and G-20
The Clinton Administration also took part in establishing and expanding international economic cooperation. One such initiative is the expansion
of what had been the Group of Seven (G-7). Initially, the G-6 had been established in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom
and the U.S. to provide a forum in particular for macroeconomic initiatives among its members. A year later Canada joined. After the G-7 Naples
Summit, the Russian officials were invited to the political discussions. This became known as the Political 8 (P-8), or the G7+1. President Clinton
along with the United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blair invited Russian President Boris Yeltsin to the G-7 meetings. Russia became a fully
participating member in 1998.

With the end of the Cold War, the relations of the U.S. with the Western European countries became more complex. Western European countries
had been moving closer since the 1950s. The six Western European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands) estasblished the European Economic Community, which soon expanded to include Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom (1973), Greece (1981), Spain and Portugal (1986). In 1995, the former neutral Austria, Finland and Sweden also joined.

Soon after the Cold War ended, the newly independent countries of the Central and Eastern Europe sought membership of this developing and
attractive Union as well.

Communist partisans played a key role in defeating the fascists in Italy and France. After the war, their ranks were large and politically influential. The US fear that communists would benefit from the situation politically was the main reason for the Marshall Plan. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

Their rapid advance of the Soviets into Manchuria and Korea gave a new urgency to the war for both the United States and Japan. America immediately sent its politician Dean Rusk to define America’s occupation zone in Korea. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

MacArthur insisted on expanding the war to China. Therefore, the correct choice is D.