AMERİKAN DIŞ POLİTİKASI - Deneme Sınavı - 3

All of the statements given are correct.

The overthrow of the Egypt’s monarch in 1952 by a military officer, Gamal Abdel Nasser represented to the United States the unleashing of a force beyond their control: Nasserism.

Kisinger's priority was to disengage from Vietnam, but with honor. The other items given are correct.

The visit of the USS George Washington to İstanbul in 1800 may be considered as the starting point of bilateral relations between the Ottoman Empire and the US. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

The United States wanted the transfer of Caspian and Egyptian oil to the West. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

Sultan Abdülhamid II sent goods to form “Turkish Village” in the Chicago World Exposition in 1893. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries started in 1927. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

Turkey benefited from the Lend and Lease Program of the US. during World War II. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

Turkey signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Germany on June 18, 1941, that prompted the US to distance itself from Turkey and stopped the Lend and Lease support. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

The revision of Turkey’s frontier with the USSR (the ceding of the region of Kars and Ardahan); the granting of military bases to the USSR in the Straits to ensure the joint defense of the waterway; and the revision of the Montreux Convention was asked by the Soviets. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

During the crisis US President John F. Kennedy secretly and without consulting Turkey entered a deal with the Soviet Union, agreeing to remove the Jupiter missiles based in Turkey in exchange for withdrawal of the Soviet missiles from Cuba. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

The US declared on November 29, 1956, at the Baghdad Pact meeting, where it was attending as an observer, that “it would consider any attack on the territorial integrity and political independence of any member state as an aggression directed at the US. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

The attacks were organised by fundamentalist groups. Turkey is the only secular, democratic, and economically developed Islamic country to be presented as a model. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

In 1944 at an idyllic New Hampshire resort, Britain and America established with the Bretton Woods conference three major goals: 1) make funds available for postwar reconstruction and development; 2) to control the currency chaos that follows wars by making funds contingent upon sound monetary practices; 3) reduce or eliminate trade barriers. From Bretton Woods came the World Bank and the IMF. The president of the World Bank has traditionally been American, the managing director for the IMF, European.

The deteriorating situation in China had a profound impact on occupation policies in Japan during the late 1940s. General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, overseeing the occupation of Japan, sought to eliminate its war potential as well as turning it into a Western-style nation. MacArthur drafted a new constitution for Japan, tried war criminals, initiated land reform and to eliminate castes. The zaibatsu (traditional large business conglomerates) was to be eliminated and the country partially deindustrialized

President Ronald Reagan’s ambassador to the UN, argued there was a fundamental difference between authoritarian government (dictator on the right), and totalitarian (dictator on the left) -- authoritarian governments can eventually reform into democracies, totalitarian dictators cannot (the Kirkpatrick Doctrine)

The Truman administration believed that communism spreads on economic misery; democracy, on a successful and prosperous foundation of capitalism. Europe experienced a crippling winter in 1946-47. Their economy was only two-thirds of its pre-war level. There was no definitive approach on how to handle Germany in the peace. The task of rebuilding Europe was monumental despite the far-reaching reforms of Bretton Woods. The IMF and World Bank were simply inadequate – and it was in the Soviet interest to prolong misery in Western Europe. Communist partisans played a key role in defeating the fascists in Italy and France. After the war, their ranks were large and politically influential. Central to the problem was the dollar gap, that is, Europe needed from the United States wheat, coal, machinery, sugar, but it did not have the money to pay for it. Moreover, the United States was so well supplied, it needed little from Europe. Faced with the very real fear that the communists would capitalize on Western European impoverishment to further their gains, Truman scrapped any last vestiges of the Morgenthau Plan and requested $17 billion in funds (with $12 billion ultimately allocated and spent, or 100 billion in today’s dollars). This came to be known as the Marshall Plan. Most funds went to the economic engines of Europe: Britain, France and West Germany. The Marshall Plan was a living demonstration of the economic might and success of the capitalist model. By 1950, Western Europe exceeded its pre-war production by 25 percent

The CIA became a favorite tool of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. As the Supreme Allied Commander in World War II and a lifelong military man, Eisenhower saw firsthand the cost of the military, which made him fiscally conservative.

By 1972, the Nixon Doctrine tempered such high expectations with the need for compromise and negotiations, as well as relying on other countries to share the burden. America was to support, not replace, local fighters. However, Nixon and Kissinger’s triangulations reeked of amoral, self-interested maneuvering.

The Reagan Doctrine states: “Our mission is to nourish and defend freedom of democracy… on every continent from Afghanistan to Nicaragua---to defy Sovietsupported aggression and [to] secure rights which have been ours from birth…Support for free