AMERİKAN DIŞ POLİTİKASI - Deneme Sınavı - 11

President Theodore Roosevelt, who served for two terms from 1901 to 1909, was a strong advocate of US expansionism. He was a naval commander before his presidency.

President Theodore Roosevelt, who served for two terms from 1901 to 1909, was a strong advocate of US expansionism. He was a naval commander before his presidency. When he got elected to the White House, he made sure the U.S. military presence was felt across the world. Around this period, there were negotiations with Colombia to build a canal that would connect Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

President Roosevelt was instrumental in supporting the secessionist elites in Colombia, who eventually led to the formation of a small but independent Panama in 1903.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the 1930s, who became the architect of the Good Neighbor Policy in the Americas.

In his annual address to the Congress in 1904, President Roosevelt expressed a globally assertive and interventionist doctrine. Commonly referred as the Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the sections of his speech made it explicit that the U.S. was now ready to serve as the “international police power.”

He provided the lexicon of international relations with numerous famous expressions, such as “right to national self-determination, “making the world safe for democracy”, and “a just and lasting peace.”

Wilson is considered an idealist president, for having his moral values direct his foreign policy agenda. He valued peace, prosperity and democracy in the world. He wanted to promote international law and institutions to facilitate these goals. Among his top priorities was establishing a League of Nations.

1. Open diplomacy among nations, no secret treaties. 2. Freedom of the seas, except territorial waters 3. Free trade; removal of all trade barriers 4. Disarmament: reducing military build up 5. Anti-colonialism 6. End the invasion of Russia. 7. End the invasion of Belgium. 8. End the Prussian invasion of France. 9. Italy’s national borders must be respected. 10. People of Austria-Hungarian Empire should have “the freest opportunity of autonomous development.” 11. End the invasion of Balkans, respect territorial integrity of Balkan nations. 12. Restore the sovereignty of Turkish portions of the Ottoman Empire, autonomy to others, free passage from Dardanelles. 13. A free and independent Poland with access to the sea. 14. Establish an association of all nations, big and small, respecting the sovereignty of each.

NAFTA is North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement between the U.S., Canada and Mexico in 1994.

Americans had, throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, remained loyal to the political testament of their first president, George Washington.

Central Powers, composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and the Triple Alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia.

Central Powers, composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and the Triple Alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia.

When on June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip assasinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Hapsburg throne, and his wife, visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.

On August 4, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921), then much more interested in domestic than foreign affairs and largely endorsed by his people, declared that the United States would remain “impartial in thought as well as in action”. That, however, meant political neutrality, while the United States eagerly continued its commercial activities with Europe despite the war, as an ultimate illustration of isolationism à la George Washington.

On August 4, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921), then much more interested in domestic than foreign affairs and largely endorsed by his people, declared that the United States would remain “impartial in thought as well as in action”.

War was subsequently declared on Austria-Hungary but not on Bulgaria and Turkey.

Yhe concept of collective security first introduced by Wilson as a system based on disarmament, selfdetermination and free navigation;

All this would come to a halt with the Great Depression of 1929, the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting until 1939.

A rising international tension would follow all throughout the 1930s. In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia; in 1936, Hitler formed an alliance with Italy. Later Japan joined it, which createdthe “Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis “ against the Comintern.

The founding beliefs of American foreign policy can be summarized as follows. First, America forms a distinct society from the European society at the time of its independence. Second, America should not get involved with European wars, but trade with all. In the literature, this is generally identified as isolationism. However, as Joyce Kaufman (2017) convincingly argued in her book, it is better to describe this attitude as unilateralism rather than isolationism. This policy does not lead to complete political, economic, and military isolation of the United States, but is led by the United States to choose where and when and to what degree to get involved in the affairs of other countries. Third, the United States should be a beacon of hope for the rest of the world. This idea of “shining city on a hill” is very important for the founding fathers and has shaped the way that the United States perceived itself for its first century and beyond. Lastly, the manifest destiny: The notion of manifest destiny is that it is the destiny of the United States and a God-given right to spread across the North American continent and create what Thomas Jefferson called “the empire of liberty.” The basis of this “empire of liberty” (Wood 2009), according to Jefferson, is republicanism and democracy.

The correct answer is C.